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±Ð¤÷¦b¯«¾Ç¦U»â°ì¤W³£¼g¹L«Ü¦h®Ñ¡JÅ@±Ð¾Ç¡]Apologetics¡F¦p¡J´å´µ¤B¡B¯S¤g¨}¡B«X§Q®Ú¡B¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡^¡F¹D¼w¡]Moral Theology¡F¦p¡J¨È¾ú¤s¤Óªº­²§Q§K¡B¦wªiù­×¡B¤j¶Q®æ§Q¡^¡F¸t¸g¡]Biblical Theology¡F¯S§O¬O·R¥ô¯Ã¡^¡F±Ð¸q¾Ç¡]Dogmatics¡F¦p¡J¨È¥L¨º­×¡B¥[©¬¦h®a±Ð¤÷¡B¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡B¨È¾ú¤s¤Óªº°Ï§Qù¡^¡F¯«­×¯«¾Ç¡]Mystical Theology¡F¦p¤k¼»ªº¶Q®æ§Q¡B°°¥á¥§­×¡^¡F­W­×¡eAsceticism¡F¨È¾ú¤s¤Ó¾Ç¬£¡B­{½å¡]Cassian¡^¡B¼ï­}§J´µ¡]Evagrius Ponticus¡^¡B¤Ú¦è¬y¡f¡F¸t§¡eSacrament¡F¦p¡J©~´¶¨}¡]Cyprian¡^¡B¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡f¡F§»ö¯«¾Ç¡]Liturgical Theology¡J­C¸ô¼»§Nªº°Ï§Qù¡^¡F©M­õ¾Ç¡]Philosophical Theology¡F¦p¡J¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡^¡C

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    1. ¯«¬O¤@¥»½è¤T¦ì®æ¡]unasustantia, tres personae¡^¡C

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  2. ¦wªiù­×¡]St. Ambrose  c339-397¡^¡A¥Lªº¤÷¿Ë¬°·í´Â­«¦Ú¤§¤@¡A´¿¥ô°ª¿c¡]Gaul¡^¬Ù°Ï¦æ¬Fªø©x¡AÅv­«¤@®É¡C¦wªiù­×¦³¥S©n¦U¤@¡A©n©nù©_§Q®R¡]Marcellina¡^¦~«C®É¥N§Y¶i­×¹D°|¡A¥Ñ±Ð¬Ó§Q§B¬y¡]Liberius¡^¿Ë±Â­±¯½¡C©n§Ì·P±¡¬Æ¿w¡A¦wªiù­×¦³¦n¨Ç­«­n§@«~³£¬O¥H©M©n©n³q°TªºÅéµô¼g¦¨ªº¡C

    ¦wªiù­×¦Û¥®§Y²ßªk«ß¬Fªv¡A¤T¤Q·³´N³Q©e¥ô¬°¤O©~§Q¨È¢w¢w®J¦Ì§Q¨È¡]Liguria-Aemilia¡^ªºÁ`·þ¡C374¦~¦ÌÄõ¨È¬y¬£¥D±Ð¶ø´Ë¥á¡]Auxentius¡^¥h¥@¡A¦ÌÄõ¥«¥Á§Y±À¿ï¦wªiù­×Ä~¥ô¥D±Ð ¡C¥L´N¥ô¬°¥D±Ð«á©Ò¦æªº²Ä¤@¥ó¨Æ«K¬O±N¦Û¤vªº°]²£®½Ãص¹±Ð·|¤Î³h½a¤H¥Á¡A³¡¤À²£·~¥æµ¹­ô­ôºÞ²z¡C¥L±N¥þ°Æºë¤O­P¤O©ó©ó±Ð°È©M¯«¾Çªº¬ã¨s¡A°ò©ó¦­¦~©Ò¨ü±Ð¨|°¾­«©ó ªk«ß¬Fªv¡A¯Ê¥F¯«¾Ç°ò¦¡A²{©~¥D±Ð¦a¦ì¡A¤D²`¤J¬ã¨s¯«¾Ç¡C ¥L°í«ù¬F±Ð¤ÀÂ÷¡A¦]¬°±Ð·|¦³±Ð·|ªºÅv¬`¡A¬F©²¦³¬F©²ªºÅv¬`¡A¤GªÌ¤£À³¬Û²V¡C¦b¦³¨Ç±¡ªp¡A¥L»{¬°¬Ó«Ò¤]À³¨ü±Ð·|ªº±Ð¾É©Ò¬ù§ô¡C

    ¦wªiù­×¬Û·í­«µø¥D±Ð¹ê»Úªº³d¥ô¡A¤×¨ä­«µø±Ð¾É¸t¸gªºÂ¾¨Æ¡C¥L¦Û¤v¦b¶Ç¹D¤W´N¦³·¥¤jªº¦¨´N¡e¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡]Augustine¡^¬Ô¨Ì°ò·þ±Ð¡A´N±o¯q©ó¥Lªº±Ð¾É¡f¡A¥Lªº§@«~¹ï·í®É«H®{ªº³y´N¤Q¤À­«­n¡C¦wªiù­×ªº¯«¾Ç«ä·Q³Ð«Ø¤£¬O¤Q¤ÀÅãµÛ¡A¦ý¦b­ì¸o¡]Sin¡^±Ð¸q¡A¥H¤Î¸tÀ\¡]Eucharist¡^¯«¾Ç¡]²Ä¤@­Ó»¡¨ì»æ»P°sªºÅܽè¡^¡A¤´¦³¥Lªº°^Äm¡F¥L»¡·í¯«Â¾¤H­û¬°»æ»P°s¯¬¸t®É¡A¥L¬O¥Nªí°ò·þ¨Ó§â¥¦­ÌÄmµ¹¤÷¯«¡A¦]¯¬¸t¥»¨­«K¨ã¦³Ãþ¦ü³Ð³yªº§t¸q¡A³o¬O¨Ï»æ»P°s§ïÅܪº¤O¶q¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦b°ò·þ±Ðªº·s¬f©Ô¹Ï¥D¸q©M­W­×¡]Asceticism¡^¯«¾Ç¤W¡A¥L¤]¯d¤U²`»·ªº¼vÅT¡C

    ¦wªiù­×¬O´J·NÄÀ¸gªkªº°ª¤â¡A¨ä¤@¨t¦C«Où®Ñ«HªºµùÄÀ®Ñ¡A¥ì©Ô´µ©i¡]Erasmus¡^»{¬°¤£¬O¥X©ó¥Lªº¤âµ§¡A¦Ó¬O·í¥N¤Hª«°U¥L¤§¦W¼g¦¨¡C³o®M¸Ñ¸g®Ñ¹ï«á¥@ªº¼vÅT·¥²`¡A«á¤H´N¬O¥»©ó¥¦­Ì¹ïù°¨®Ñ5:12ªº¸ÑÄÀ¡Aµo®i¥X­ì¸oªº±Ð¸q¡A»¡¥þ¤HÃþ¬Ò¦]¨È·íªº¥Ç¸o¦Ó±²¤J¸oªº²`²W¡C

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    1. ½×±Ð¤hªº³d¥ô¡]On the Duties of Clergy¡^¡G¥»®Ñ¸Ô­z±Ð¤h¦b¾¦ì¤W©ÒÀ³¼i¦æªº¦UºØ³d¥ô¡A¨Ã«ü¥Ü±Ð¤h¦b¥Í¬¡¤W©Ò¥²¶·ª`·Nªº¨Æ¡A¥]¬A±Ð¤hªº¨¥»y¦æ°Ê¤Î¦ç­¹µ¥°ÝÃD¡A­Ý½×©Ò¿×¥|ºØ¥D­n¹D¼w¡A§Y¡G´¼¼z¡B¥¿¸q¡B«i´±©M¸`¨î¡C¥þ®Ñ¤À¬°¤T¨÷¡A391¦~©Ò¼g¦¨ªº¡C

    2. ½×³B¤k¡]Concerning Virgins¡^¡G¤À3¨÷¡A½×µ£­s¦b©v±Ðªº»ù­È¤Î·N¸q¡C¨÷2½×¦u­s³B¤kÀ³¨ãªº«~®æ¼w©Ê¤Î¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡¡C¨÷3­z±Ð©v§Q§B¬y¹ï­×¤kªº°V¥Ü¡F¥H¤º¤ß­×¾i¤Î¸t¼ä¥Í¬¡±å«j­×¤k¡Aĵ§i¤÷¥À¤£¥iªý¼¸¤k¨à¥ß§Ó¦u­s¡C®Ñ¦¨©ó377¦~¡C

    3. ½×¸t§¡]On the Sacraments¡^¡G¤À6¨÷¸Ô½×¦UºØ¸t§ªº¥\¥Î¤Î·N¸q¡A¨Ã¸ÑÄÀ¥Dë¤å¡C³o³¡®Ñ¤åÅé»P¨ä¥L§@«~¤£¬Û¦P¡A¤@¯ë»{¬°¬O«á¤H®Ú¾Ú¦wªiù­×¥D±i¿è¦¨¡C

    4. ²Ä¤Ü¨ç®Ñ¥¾¡G385¦~¼gµ¹¥L©n©n°¨§Q©_®R¡A¨ç¤¤³ø§i¨È¬y¬£¦b¬Ó¦Z´å´µ¤B®R¡]Justina¡^¤ä«ù¤U¹Ï¿Ñ¹Ü¨ú¦ÌÄõ±Ð°ó¡A§@ªÌ¤Î¤@¸s°@¸Û«H®{°í©w¤£©}¡A¦u¦í¸t·µ¡A¹ï¬Ó«Ç«Dªk­n¨D©Ú¤£¨ü©R¡Aª½¨ì­x¶¤°h¥X¡A±Ð°ó«ì´_­ìª¬¡C (©Ô¤B±Ð·|¤å¶°¡App.3-4)

  3. ­C¬X¦Ì ¡]St. Jerome, Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus, c342-420¡^ºë³q¥j¨å¤å¾Ç¡A¸t¸g»y¤å¡A´£­Ò­×¹D°|©M¿W¨­³Ì¤Oªº¤H¡C¥Lªº¤÷¿Ë«Üª`­«±Ð¨|¡A°e¥L¥hù°¨¾Ç ²ß©Ô¤B¤å©M§Æþ¤å¡A¨ü¨ì²§±ÐâÀ¬V¡AÁöµL´c²ß¥ç¤£·q°@¡C18·³¨ü¬~¡C¥L»¡¡G¬P´Á¤é§Ú±`»P¦PÄÖªº«C¦~¥hÂsÄý¦a¤U¹Ó¥Þ¡A¬Ý¸t®{¿òÂÝ¡C¤T¦~«á¥L¸g¾úÆFùØı¿ô¡A§¹¥þ®¬§ïÂk¥¿¡C

    374¦~­C¬X¦Ì¥Í¯fµo¿N«é±« ¤§¤¤³Q±a¨ì°ò·þ«e¨ü¼f§P¡C¥D°Ý¥L¬O½Ö¡A­C¬X¦Ì¦^µª¬O°ò·þ®{¡C°ò·þÄY¼Fªº»¡¡G¡§§A¬O¦è¶ë¸S¡]Cicero¡^ªºªù®{¡F¦]§Aªº°]Ä_¦b­þùØ¡A§Aªº¤ß¤]¦b¨ºùØ¡C¡¨¤U¥O¥[¥HÃ@²Ç¡A¿ô¨Ó«á¨­¤W¤´¦³¾lµh¡C¥L²`«H¬O¥DªººÞ±Ð¡C¦¹ «á¥L¤£¦AŪ²§±Ðªº®Ñ¡A»·Â÷¹ÐÄÛ¡A¨ì¦w´£ªüªF«nÃm³¥¹LÁô©~¥Í¬¡¡A«oµLªk¸T¨î«ä·Q´å¿º¡A®É®É­Á¥ñ¦b°ò·þ­±«eµh­ú»{¸o¡C

    382¦~­C¬X¦Ì¨ìù°¨¾á¥ô¥D±Ð¹Fº¿Ä¬¡]Damasus¡^ ªº¯«¾ÇÅU°Ý©M¯µ®Ñ¡C¦b¤é±`¨Æ°È¤§¥~­C¬X¦Ì§â­«¤ß©ñ¦b¸t¸g½Ķ¤W¡A¥Ñ§Æþ¤å½Ķ¦¨©Ô¤B¤å¡A¥L¤Q¤Àª`­«¸t¸gªº­ì¤å¡A±N·í®É¬y¦æªº©Ô¤BĶ¥»¥þ­×­q¹L¡A¥L³Ì¤jªº¦¨´N¬O¥H¤@¤H¤§¤O§â¸t¸gĶ¦¨³q«U©Ô¤B¤å¡A§Y¦W­«¤@®ÉªºªZ¥[¤j¥»¡]Vulgate¡^¡C¹ï¬ù¡A­C¬X¦Ì¥u±µ¨ü¥Î§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¼gªº¥¿¨å¡A©Úµ´±µ¨ü¦¸¸g¡A³o¦b·í®É¬O¤£³Q±µ¯Çªº¡Aª½¨ì§ï±Ð®É´Á¡C¥L¤]­×­q©Ô¤B¤å¸Ö½g ¤ÎÄÀ¸g¤u§@¡A¯S§O¬O¬ùªº¥ýª¾®Ñ¡C¥LªºÄÀ¸g®Ñ¬°§Ú­Ì«O¯d¤F¬Û·í¦³»ù­Èªº»y¨¥¤åÄm¾Ç¡A©M¦a§Î¾Çªº¸ê®Æ¡C384¦~¹Fº¿Ä¬³u¥@¡C385¦~­C¬X¦Ì©M´X¦W­×¹D¤h¥h¦w´£ªü ¡A¦í¦b¤@­Ó©¥¥ÛÆw¦¨ªº¥¨¤j¬}¥Þ¤¤¡C¥H¨ä¾l¥Í±q¨Æ¼g§@©M½Ķ¡A·í¥L»{¬°»P¯u²z¤£¦X®É¡A´N¥Îµ§¾¥½×ÅG¡A¶ø¥j´µ¤B¤]´¿¬O¥Lµ§¾Ôªº¹ï¶H¡C­C¬X¦ÌĶ§@»{¯u¡A¥LªºªZ¥[¤jĶ¥»¸t¸g¡A«á¨Ó³Qù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð±µ¨ü¬°¼Ð·Ç¥»¸t¸g¡A³yºÖ±Ð·|¤@¤d¦h¦~¡C

    ­C¬X¦Ì°£¤F¬O½Ķ®a¡A¤]¬O¸t¸g¾ÇªÌ©M¾ú¥v¾Ç®a¡A´¿Ä~¸Ó¼»§Q¨ÈªºÀu¦è¤ñ¯Q¼g±Ð·|¥v¡A½s¡m±Ð·|§@®a®Ñ¥Ø¡n¡]De Viris Illustribus¡^¡A¤S§â«X§Q®Ú©M¨È¾ú¤s¤Óªº²ý¦a¼Ò¡]Didymus of Alexandria¡A¬ù309¡ã94¡A§ÆþµÛ¦W¯«¾Ç®a¡A¥ç¬°¨È¾ú¤s¤Ó­n²z¾Ç°|°|ªø¡^ªº§@«~Ķ¦¨©Ô¤B¤å¡C¥L¤@¥Í¼g¤F³\¦h«H¡A«H¤º«O¯d¬Û·í¦h­«­nªº¥v®Æ¡C¦Û¤Q¤T¥@¬ö°_¡A±Ð·|ªºª´ºÀ¬Á¼þµ¡«K§â¥Lµe¶i¥h¡AÀY¤WÀ¹µÛ¬õ¦âªº´U¤l¡A·t¥Ü±Ð©v¹Fº¿Ä¬¤@¥@¡]Damascus I¡A¬ù305¡ã84¡^´¿«ö¥ß¥L¬°¬õ¦ç¥D±Ð¡F¦³®É«hµe¥L¸}½ñ·à¤l¡C±Ð·|¬ö©À¥Lªº¸`´Á¦b¤E¤ë¤T¤Q¤é¡C

  4. §Q¼Ú²Ä¤@(Leo the Great, c400-461)¡G¨£¤j¤½±Ð·| (©Ô¤B±Ð·|¤å¶°¡App.6-7)¡C

  5. ¤j¶Q®æ§Q¡]Gregory the Great, c540-604¡^¤÷¿Ë¬O°@¸Û°ò·þ®{¡A¦b¬F¬É»á¨ãÁn±æ¡A´¿¥ô°Ñ°|ij­û¡C¶Q®æ§Q¨ü¬Fªv¡Bªk«ß±Ð¨|¡A§§¦~´¿±q¬F¦bµS´µ¤B¤G¥@ªv¤U¥ôù°¨¦æ¬F©x¡C¦ý¥L¦Û¥®¥õ¼}¸t¥»¿wªº¨¥¦æ ¡Ac574¦~¤÷¿Ë¥h¥@¡A¤D°h¥X¬F¬É¡A¶i¤J¥»¿w·|¡]Benedictine¡^§@­×¤h¡A®½©Ò¦³°]²£¡A«Ø­×¹D°|¤ÎÀÙ³h¡C¤£¤[±Ð®x¥l¥L¬°Ã¹°¨¤C§U²½¤§¤@¡C±Ð©v§B©ÔªÈ¤G¥@®É¡A¥L©^¬£±d¤h©Z¤B³ù¥ô¯S¨Ï¡]578-584¡^¡C®É­Û¤Ú±Ú¤J«I·N¤j§Q¡Aù°¨¦M«æ»Ý±d¤h©Z¤B³ù±Ï´©¡A¶Q®æ§Q¨Ï©R·¥¨ä­«¤j¡C585¦~¶Q®æ§Qªðù°¨¤J­×¹D°|¤­¦~¡C

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